In the world of arboriculture and landscaping, handling large trees is a task that requires not only skill but also the right equipment. Among the most vital tools for this job are cranes, which are used to lift, move, and position large trees during transplanting or removal procedures. Cranes provide a combination of strength, precision, and flexibility that is essential for managing the substantial weight and size of mature trees without causing damage to the tree or surrounding property.
There are several types of cranes commonly used in handling large trees, each with unique features suitable for different aspects of arboricultural work:
Mobile Cranes: Mobile cranes are perhaps the most versatile type used in tree handling. They can be easily moved from one location to another and set up quickly, which is crucial in urban or residential settings where time and space are limited. Mobile cranes come in various sizes and capacities, allowing arborists to choose one that best fits the specific needs of the tree and site conditions.
All-Terrain Cranes: For projects located in challenging terrains or remote areas where conventional mobile cranes cannot access, all-terrain cranes are an excellent choice. These cranes combine the mobility of truck-mounted cranes with the capability to navigate rough surfaces like those found in rural environments or construction sites with uneven ground.
Telescopic Cranes: Telescopic cranes offer an extendable arm (boom) that can reach heights necessary for taller trees. The boom's length can be adjusted according to the specific requirements of the task, making telescopic cranes ideal for tasks that involve height such as lifting trees over buildings or other obstacles.
Crawler Cranes: Equipped with tracks instead of wheels, crawler cranes offer stability on soft grounds where other types of mobile cranes might sink or become unstable. This makes them particularly useful for tree removals in wetlands, recently cleared sites, or other areas with less solid footing.
Tower Cranes: While less common than other types on this list due to their immobility and complex setup process, tower cranes can be used for extremely heavy lifting tasks within a fixed radius. They might be employed in large-scale development projects where many large trees need to be moved repeatedly over a period.
Loader Cranes: Also known as knuckle-boom cranes, loader craines have a jointed arm that allows them more flexibility compared to traditional straight-arm crane models. This feature is particularly useful when maneuvering around obstacles such as power lines or adjacent structures.
The choice of crane largely depends on several factors including but not limited to the size and weight of the tree being handled; accessibility and terrain at the project site; distance over which the tree needs to be moved; presence of nearby structures; local regulations regarding equipment usage; and budget constraints.
Safety is paramount when using any type of heavy machinery including cranes for handling large trees. Operators must possess appropriate certifications and experience while adhering strictly to safety protocols established by regulatory bodies like OSHA (Occupational Safety & Health Administration). Additionally proper planning must precede any actual work including thorough risk assessments ensuring both human safety along with preservation environmental integrity throughout process.
In conclusion using appropriate crane technology significantly enhances efficiency effectiveness arboricultural operations involving big trees whether it's removing dangerously poised ones relocating others part landscape redesign efforts understanding various kinds available how they suit different situations can help ensure successful outcome respects both nature built
Cranes and heavy machinery play an essential role in modern arboriculture, especially when dealing with the maintenance and removal of large trees. These machines not only enhance safety but also increase efficiency and minimize the physical strain on workers. Here, we explore some key features and specifications of heavy machinery suitable for arboriculture, focusing particularly on cranes.
1. Load Capacity: One of the primary considerations when selecting a crane for arboriculture is its load capacity. The weight of large trees, particularly when wet, can be substantial. Cranes used in this field typically have a high load capacity ranging from 10 to 100 tons or more, depending on the size and scope of the projects they are intended for. This capacity ensures that large sections of trees can be lifted safely without overloading the crane.
2. Reach: The reach of a crane is also crucial since it determines how far and how high the machine can operate. In urban or suburban settings where access might be limited, cranes with long booms that can extend upwards and outwards are necessary to maneuver around buildings or other obstacles.
3. Mobility: Mobility is another significant feature for cranes in arboriculture. Many operations require access to remote or difficult-to-reach areas where traditional vehicles cannot go. Cranes mounted on all-terrain vehicles or those equipped with tracks rather than wheels can navigate these challenging terrains more effectively.
4. Stability and Support: When operating heavy machinery like cranes, stability is paramount to prevent accidents and ensure efficient operation. Outriggers and stabilizers are commonly used to distribute the load more evenly and provide additional support during lifting operations.
5. Control Systems: Modern cranes come equipped with advanced control systems that allow for precise handling of loads. These systems often include computer-aided design elements that help operators visualize their work better, ensuring greater accuracy in positioning tree sections as they are removed.
6. Safety Features: Safety must always be a priority when using heavy machinery. Features such as load moment indicators (LMI), anti-two block systems (which prevent the hook from colliding with the boom), emergency stop buttons, and reinforced cabs protect both the operator and bystanders from common hazards associated with lifting heavy objects.
7. Environmental Impact: Given the nature of arboriculture work, which often takes place in sensitive environments, it's important that cranes have a reduced environmental impact wherever possible. This may involve using electric or hybrid models that emit fewer pollutants compared to traditional diesel engines.
In conclusion, selecting the right crane for arboricultural purposes involves several considerations including load capacity, reach, mobility, stability/support systems, advanced control mechanisms for precision handling, robust safety features to mitigate operational risks, and environmental impact considerations to protect natural settings where these machines operate. With advancements in technology continually improving these aspects, today's arborists are better equipped than ever before to handle large-scale tree management tasks efficiently and safely.
Safety Protocols and Best Practices When Using Cranes and Heavy Equipment for Handling Large Trees
Handling large trees with cranes and heavy machinery is a task that requires meticulous planning, specialized equipment, and a comprehensive understanding of safety protocols. This operation not only involves the careful manipulation of heavy loads but also ensures the safety of operators, bystanders, property, and the environment. Given the complexities involved, adherence to established safety protocols and best practices is essential.
Pre-Operation Planning
Successful execution begins with thorough pre-operation planning. Before any activity commences, a detailed assessment of the job site is crucial. This includes identifying potential hazards such as overhead power lines, nearby structures, uneven ground surfaces, and environmental conditions that could impact the operation. Additionally, it's imperative to consider the tree's size, weight distribution, and physical condition since these factors significantly influence the choice of equipment and handling approach.
Selection of Appropriate Equipment
Choosing suitable cranes and attachments is vital for ensuring efficient and safe operations. The capacity of the crane must exceed the weight of the tree to provide a sufficient safety margin. Moreover, using appropriate lifting slings or grapples designed for handling trees can prevent damage to both the tree and equipment. It's important that all equipment be inspected prior to use to ensure it is in good working condition and free from defects.
Operator Training and Competence
Operators must be adequately trained and hold necessary certifications specific to crane operation within their jurisdiction. Training should cover not only general operation but also focus on scenarios specific to working with large trees such as dynamic loading conditions caused by wind or irregularly shaped loads. Continued education on new technologies, techniques, or changes in regulations is also crucial.
Communication During Operations
Effective communication among team members during crane operations cannot be overstated. Use of hand signals or radio communication should be clearly understood by all members involved in the operation. Establishing clear lines of communication ensures that instructions are relayed promptly and accurately which is critical especially when visibility may be obstructed or noise levels high.
Establishing Safety Zones
To safeguard personnel and bystanders from potential accidents associated with unexpected movements or failures during lifting operations, establishing exclusion zones around the operational area is mandatory. These zones should be clearly marked out and monitored at all times to ensure no unauthorized person enters them during active lifting periods.
Emergency Preparedness
Despite best efforts in planning and execution, emergencies can occur. Therefore having an emergency plan specifically tailored for situations where things go wrong during lifting operations is vital. Regular drills simulating different scenarios including mechanical failures or sudden weather changes can prepare teams better in managing such incidents safely when they arise.
In conclusion, managing large trees with cranes involves inherent risks which demand rigorous adherence to safety protocols at every step-from pre-planning through actual execution up until post-operation assessments are carried out ensuring everything was concluded safely without incident. By following these guidelines-thorough planning assessment selection proper training effective communication establishment clear safety zones ready emergency preparedness-the risks associated handling such massive items greatly minimized thus protecting people property environment alike .
Environmental Considerations and Impact Mitigation Techniques for Cranes and Heavy Machinery in Large Tree Management
In the context of environmental management, the use of cranes and heavy machinery for handling large trees presents a unique set of challenges and considerations. These powerful tools are indispensable in modern forestry and urban tree care, enabling efficient cutting, lifting, and transportation of large trees or tree sections. However, their operation can have significant environmental impacts if not managed carefully. This essay explores the key environmental considerations associated with these activities and discusses effective impact mitigation techniques.
Firstly, soil compaction is a major concern when using heavy machinery such as cranes near large trees or in forested areas. The weight and movement of these machines can compress the soil, reducing its porosity and negatively affecting water infiltration, aeration, and root growth. To mitigate this impact, it is crucial to plan machinery paths carefully to minimize the area affected. Using designated routes that are already compacted or installing temporary roadways made from mats or other materials can help distribute the weight of the machinery more evenly.
Another significant issue is the potential for damage to existing vegetation. The improper use of cranes and heavy equipment near large trees can lead to physical injury to bark, branches, or roots, which may weaken or kill affected trees over time. Operators should be trained in precision placement techniques to ensure that machinery does not come into unnecessary contact with other trees or vegetation. Additionally, employing advanced technology like 3D modeling and GPS can help operators navigate tight spaces more safely and efficiently.
Erosion control is also critical when working in areas with large trees, especially on sloped terrain where removal of vegetation can lead to increased runoff and soil erosion. To address this risk, it's important to stabilize any disturbed areas quickly after tree removal operations are complete. Techniques such as hydroseeding (spraying a mixture of seeds, mulch, fertilizer, and water) can expedite the regrowth of vegetation. Installing erosion control measures like silt fences or straw wattles before starting work can also prevent sediment from moving off-site.
The potential disturbance to wildlife habitats must also be considered when deploying cranes and heavy machinery for tree management tasks. Large trees often serve as homes or nesting sites for various species of birds, mammals, insects, and reptiles. Before commencing any operations involving large tree management with heavy equipment, conducting thorough wildlife surveys is essential. If active nests or dens are found within potential impact zones around operation sites during sensitive periods (such as breeding seasons), delaying operations until young have left their nests could be necessary.
Noise pollution generated by heavy machinery is another factor that requires attention since it can affect both wildlife and human communities nearby. Utilizing newer models of cranes and machines that are designed to operate more quietly can reduce this impact significantly.
Lastly but importantly is air quality concerns due mainly to dust generation during operations involving soil disturbance by cranes’ movements across different terrains including unpaved surfaces; implementing dust control measures like watering down dirt roads periodically throughout daily operations helps minimize airborne particulates thus preserving air quality standards within permissible levels maintaining environmental health overall ecosystem balance.
In conclusion,, while cranes' involvement in managing large trees contributes massively towards efficient forestry urban arboriculture practices careful consideration must be given towards minimizing their environmental footprint through strategic planning implementation innovative techniques aimed at preserving surrounding ecosystems ensuring sustainability long-term ecological integrity these natural resources depend upon.
Case Studies: Successful Large Tree Moving Projects Using Cranes
In the realm of urban development and environmental conservation, the transplantation of large trees stands as a symbol of sustainable practices. Utilizing cranes and heavy machinery for such tasks is not only a technical challenge but also an ecological necessity in many cases. This essay delves into several successful case studies where cranes were employed to move large trees, thus preserving their life and contributing to urban green spaces.
One notable example is the relocation project undertaken in Austin, Texas. In this instance, a historic oak tree, estimated to be over 200 years old and weighing approximately 90 tons, was moved to make way for a new roadway. The project team used a specially designed crane with high load capacity and extensive reach. Precision was key, as the health of the tree depended on the meticulous handling during lifting and repositioning. The operation took several hours, involving careful coordination among various experts including arborists, engineers, and crane operators. Post-move, the tree showed signs of thriving in its new location thanks to detailed planning which included pre-move pruning and post-move care such as controlled watering and monitoring.
Another case study comes from Singapore's ambitious Gardens by the Bay project where multiple large trees were transplanted to create an innovative public park. Here, cranes played a crucial role in moving large tropical trees sourced from areas slated for redevelopment. Each tree weighed between 10 to 50 tons and required different types of cranes depending on their size and weight. The complexity of this task was heightened by Singapore's dense urban environment which demanded that each move be executed swiftly to minimize disruptions. The successful integration of these trees into the Garden's landscape has been pivotal in maintaining biodiversity within urban settings.
Across the globe in London, the redevelopment of King's Cross area involved transplanting mature trees as part of an effort to preserve nature amidst urban expansion. Using mobile cranes with advanced telemetry systems allowed precise control over movement which is critical when navigating through congested city spaces. These technologies helped ensure that each tree was handled gently throughout its journey from original site to new planting location within newly developed parks around King's Cross.
The use of cranes for moving large trees demands not just technical expertise but also a deep understanding of biological factors that influence tree health during transplantation processes like shock absorption techniques which prevent damage during lifting and shifting phases.
These case studies underscore how integrating technology with traditional environmental knowledge can result in successful outcomes both for urban development projects and conservation efforts alike. Through careful planning, expert execution, and ongoing care post-transplantation; using cranes for moving large trees proves effective in mitigating ecological impact while enhancing urban landscapes.
Training Requirements for Operators of Heavy Machinery in Tree Management
The management and maintenance of large trees, particularly in urban and suburban environments, demand the use of heavy machinery such as cranes, excavators, and other specialized equipment. The operation of such machinery requires not only technical skills but also a deep understanding of safety protocols to ensure both the well-being of operators and the preservation of the surrounding environment. Therefore, rigorous training requirements are essential for operators handling these powerful machines during tree management tasks.
Firstly, foundational training is critical. This includes comprehensive instruction on operating each type of machinery used in tree management. Operators must be familiar with the mechanics and capabilities of cranes, for instance, understanding how to maneuver them safely around tight spaces typical in urban areas where large trees often reside. They must also learn about load capacities, stabilizer settings, and how to adjust for varying soil conditions which can significantly affect machine stability.
Beyond operational skills, safety training forms a crucial part of an operator's education. This covers a range of practices from wearing appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) like helmets and gloves to more complex procedures like assessing risk factors before beginning any work. Training must include emergency response techniques such as what to do if a crane malfunctions or if an unexpected weather condition arises.
Another important aspect is environmental conservation training. Operators should be trained on how to minimize damage to the surrounding flora and fauna during their operations. This might involve learning specific cutting techniques that prevent harm to tree health or understanding how to position machinery in a way that doesn't disturb topsoil or root systems any more than necessary.
Legal compliance is also key in operator training programs. There are various local, state, and federal regulations governing tree management that include permissions for tree removals or pruning large trees using heavy equipment. Understanding these legal frameworks ensures that operators not only work within the law but also adhere to best practices that support sustainable tree management.
Finally, ongoing education is imperative as technology evolves and new machinery becomes available. Refresher courses can help operators stay current with industry standards and innovations in heavy equipment used in arboriculture.
In conclusion, effective training for operators of heavy machinery in tree management is multifaceted involving operational skills, safety protocols, environmental awareness, and legal compliance. Such comprehensive educational initiatives ensure that operators are well-equipped to handle the complexities associated with managing large trees safely and responsibly.
Lithia Springs may refer to:
The International Society of Arboriculture, commonly known as ISA, is an international non-profit organization headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia,[1] United States. The ISA serves the tree care industry as a paid membership association and a credentialing organization that promotes the professional practice of arboriculture.[2] ISA focuses on providing research, technology, and education opportunities for tree care professionals to develop their arboricultural expertise. ISA also works to educate the general public about the benefits of trees and the need for proper tree care.[3][4]
Worldwide, ISA has 22,000 members and 31,000 ISA-certified tree care professionals with 59 chapters, associate organizations, and professional affiliates throughout North America, Asia, Oceania, Europe, and South America.[5]
ISA offers the following credentials:
The Certified Arborist credential identifies professional arborists who have a minimum of three years' full-time experience working in the professional tree care industry and who have passed an examination covering facets of arboriculture.[6][7] The Western Chapter of the ISA started the certification program in the 1980s,[citation needed] with the ISA initiating it in 1992.[8]
The Board Certified Master Arborist (BCMA) or simply Master Arborist credential identifies professional arborists who have attained the highest level of arboriculture offered by the ISA and one of the two top levels in the field. There are several paths to the Board Certified Master Arborist, but typically on average each has been an ISA Certified Arborist a minimum of three to five years before qualifying for the exam (this can vary depending upon other education and experience). The certification began as a result of the need to distinguish the top few arborists and allow others to identify those with superior credentials.
The Master Arborist examination is a far more extensive exam than the Certified Arborist Exam, and covers a broad scope of both aboriculture management, science and work practices. The exam includes the following areas:
Another credential that is on a par with the Master Arborist is that of the American Society of Consulting Arborists, the Registered Consulting Arborist.[9] There are perhaps six hundred individuals with that qualification, and only 70 arborists who hold both credentials.[citation needed]
An arborist, or (less commonly) arboriculturist, is a professional in the practice of arboriculture, which is the cultivation, management, and study of individual trees, shrubs, vines, and other perennial woody plants in dendrology and horticulture.[citation needed]
Arborists generally focus on the health and safety of individual plants and trees, rather than managing forests or harvesting wood (silviculture or forestry). An arborist's scope of work is therefore distinct from that of either a forester or a logger.[citation needed]
In order for arborists to work near power wires, either additional training is required or they need to be certified as a Qualified Line Clearance Arborist or Utility Arborist (there may be different terminology for various countries). There is a variety of minimum distances that must be kept from power wires depending on voltage, however the common distance for low voltage lines in urban settings is 10 feet (about 3 metres).[1]
Arborists who climb (as not all do) can use a variety of techniques to ascend into the tree. The least invasive, and most popular technique used is to ascend on rope. There are two common methods of climbing, Single Rope System (SRS) and Moving Rope System (MRS). When personal safety is an issue, or the tree is being removed, arborists may use 'spikes', (also known as 'gaffs' or 'spurs') attached to their chainsaw boots with straps to ascend and work. Spikes wound the tree, leaving small holes where each step has been.[citation needed]
An arborist's work may involve very large and complex trees, or ecological communities and their abiotic components in the context of the landscape ecosystem. These may require monitoring and treatment to ensure they are healthy, safe, and suitable to property owners or community standards. This work may include some or all of the following: planting; transplanting; pruning; structural support; preventing, or diagnosing and treating phytopathology or parasitism; preventing or interrupting grazing or predation; installing lightning protection; and removing vegetation deemed as hazardous, an invasive species, a disease vector, or a weed.[citation needed]
Arborists may also plan, consult, write reports and give legal testimony. While some aspects of this work are done on the ground or in an office, much of it is done by arborists who perform tree services and who climb the trees with ropes, harnesses and other equipment. Lifts and cranes may be used too. The work of all arborists is not the same. Some may just provide a consulting service; others may perform climbing, pruning and planting: whilst others may provide a combination of all of these services.[2]
Arborists gain qualifications to practice arboriculture in a variety of ways and some arborists are more qualified than others. Experience working safely and effectively in and around trees is essential. Arborists tend to specialize in one or more disciplines of arboriculture, such as diagnosis and treatment of pests, diseases and nutritional deficiencies in trees, climbing and pruning, cabling and lightning protection, or consultation and report writing. All these disciplines are related to one another and some arborists are very well experienced in all areas of tree work, however not all arborists have the training or experience to properly practice every discipline.[citation needed]
Arborists choose to pursue formal certification, which is available in some countries and varies somewhat by location. An arborist who holds certification in one or more disciplines may be expected to participate in rigorous continuing education requirements to ensure constant improvement of skills and techniques.[citation needed]
In Australia, arboricultural education and training are streamlined countrywide through a multi-disciplinary vocational education, training, and qualification authority called the Australian Qualifications Framework, which offers varying levels of professional qualification. Government institutions including Technical and Further Education TAFE offer Certificate III or a diploma in arboriculture as well as some universities.[3][4] There are also many private institutions covering similar educational framework in each state. Recognition of prior learning is also an option for practicing arborists with 10 or more years of experience with no prior formal training. It allows them to be assessed and fast track their certification.[citation needed]
In France, a qualified arborist must hold a Management of Ornamental Trees certificate, and a qualified arborist climber must hold a Pruning and Care of Trees certificate; both delivered by the French Ministry of Agriculture.[5][6]
In the UK, an arborist can gain qualifications up to and including a master's degree. College-based courses include further education qualifications, such as national certificate, national diploma, while higher education courses in arboriculture include foundation degree, bachelor's degree and master's degree.[citation needed]
In the US, a Certified Arborist (CA) is a professional who has over three years of documented and verified experience and has passed a rigorous written test from the International Society of Arboriculture. Other designations include Municipal Specialist, Utility Specialist and Board Certified Master Arborist (BCMA). The USA and Canada additionally have college-based training which, if passed, will give the certificate of Qualified Arborist. The Qualified Arborist can then be used to offset partial experience towards the Certified Arborist.
Tree Risk Assessment Qualified credential (TRAQ), designed by the International Society of Arboriculture, was launched in 2013. At that time people holding the TRACE credential were transferred over to the TRAQ credential.[citation needed]
In Canada, there are provincially governed apprenticeship programs that allow arborists' to work near power lines upon completion. These apprenticeship programs must meet the provincial reregulations (For example, in B.C. they must meet WorkSafeBC G19.30), and individuals must ensure they meet the requirements of the owner of the power system.[citation needed]
Trees in urban landscape settings are often subject to disturbances, whether human or natural, both above and below ground. They may require care to improve their chances of survival following damage from either biotic or abiotic causes. Arborists can provide appropriate solutions, such as pruning trees for health and good structure, for aesthetic reasons, and to permit people to walk under them (a technique often referred to as "crown raising"), or to keep them away from wires, fences and buildings (a technique referred to as "crown reduction").[7] Timing and methods of treatment depend on the species of tree and the purpose of the work. To determine the best practices, a thorough knowledge of local species and environments is essential.[citation needed]
There can be a vast difference between the techniques and practices of professional arborists and those of inadequately trained tree workers. Some commonly offered "services" are considered unacceptable by modern arboricultural standards and may seriously damage, disfigure, weaken, or even kill trees. One such example is tree topping, lopping, or "hat-racking", where entire tops of trees or main stems are removed, generally by cross-cutting the main stem(s) or leaders, leaving large unsightly stubs. Trees that manage to survive such treatment are left prone to a spectrum of detrimental effects, including vigorous but weakly attached regrowth, pest susceptibility, pathogen intrusion, and internal decay.[8]
Pruning should only be done with a specific purpose in mind. Every cut is a wound, and every leaf lost is removal of photosynthetic potential. Proper pruning can be helpful in many ways, but should always be done with the minimum amount of live tissue removed.[9]
In recent years, research has proven that wound dressings such as paint, tar or other coverings are unnecessary and may harm trees. The coverings may encourage growth of decay-causing fungi. Proper pruning, by cutting through branches at the right location, can do more to limit decay than wound dressing [10]
Chemicals can be applied to trees for insect or disease control through soil application, stem injections or spraying. Compacted or disturbed soils can be improved in various ways.[citation needed]
Arborists can also assess trees to determine the health, structure, safety or feasibility within a landscape and in proximity to humans. Modern arboriculture has progressed in technology and sophistication from practices of the past. Many current practices are based on knowledge gained through recent research, including that of Alex Shigo, considered one "father" of modern arboriculture.[11]
Depending on the jurisdiction, there may be a number of legal issues surrounding the practices of arborists, including boundary issues, public safety issues, "heritage" trees of community value, and "neighbour" issues such as ownership, obstruction of views, impacts of roots crossing boundaries, nuisance problems, disease or insect quarantines, and safety of nearby trees or plants that may be affected.[citation needed]
Arborists are frequently consulted to establish the factual basis of disputes involving trees, or by private property owners seeking to avoid legal liability through the duty of care.[12] Arborists may be asked to assess the value of a tree[13] in the process of an insurance claim for trees damaged or destroyed,[14] or to recover damages resulting from tree theft or vandalism.[15] In cities with tree preservation orders an arborist's evaluation of tree hazard may be required before a property owner may remove a tree, or to assure the protection of trees in development plans and during construction operations. Carrying out work on protected trees and hedges is illegal without express permission from local authorities,[16] and can result in legal action including fines.[17] Homeowners who have entered into contracts with a Homeowner's association (see also Restrictive covenants) may need an arborists' professional opinion of a hazardous condition prior to removing a tree, or may be obligated to assure the protection of the views of neighboring properties prior to planting a tree or in the course of pruning.[18] Arborists may be consulted in forensic investigations where the evidence of a crime can be determined within the growth rings of a tree, for example. Arborists may be engaged by one member of a dispute in order to identify factual information about trees useful to that member of the dispute, or they can be engaged as an expert witness providing unbiased scientific knowledge in a court case. Homeowners associations seeking to write restrictive covenants, or legislative bodies seeking to write laws involving trees, may seek the counsel of arborists in order to avoid future difficulties.[19]
Before undertaking works in the UK, arborists have a legal responsibility to survey trees for wildlife, especially bats, which are given particular legal protection. In addition, any tree in the UK can be covered by a tree preservation order and it is illegal to conduct any work on a tree, including deadwooding or pruning, before permission has been sought from the local council.[citation needed]
The protagonist in Italo Calvino's novel The Baron in the Trees lives life on the ground as a boy and spends the rest of his life swinging from tree to tree in the Italian countryside. As a young man he helps the local fruit farmers by pruning their trees.[citation needed]
Some noteworthy arborists include:
Forestry is the science and craft of creating, managing, planting, using, conserving and repairing forests and woodlands for associated resources for human and environmental benefits.[1] Forestry is practiced in plantations and natural stands.[2] The science of forestry has elements that belong to the biological, physical, social, political and managerial sciences.[3] Forest management plays an essential role in the creation and modification of habitats and affects ecosystem services provisioning.[4]
Modern forestry generally embraces a broad range of concerns, in what is known as multiple-use management, including: the provision of timber, fuel wood, wildlife habitat, natural water quality management, recreation, landscape and community protection, employment, aesthetically appealing landscapes, biodiversity management, watershed management, erosion control, and preserving forests as "sinks" for atmospheric carbon dioxide.
Forest ecosystems have come to be seen as the most important component of the biosphere,[5] and forestry has emerged as a vital applied science, craft, and technology. A practitioner of forestry is known as a forester. Another common term is silviculturist. Silviculture is narrower than forestry, being concerned only with forest plants, but is often used synonymously with forestry.
All people depend upon forests and their biodiversity, some more than others.[6] Forestry is an important economic segment in various industrial countries,[7] as forests provide more than 86 million green jobs and support the livelihoods of many more people.[6] For example, in Germany, forests cover nearly a third of the land area,[8] wood is the most important renewable resource, and forestry supports more than a million jobs and about €181 billion of value to the German economy each year.[9]
Worldwide, an estimated 880 million people spend part of their time collecting fuelwood or producing charcoal, many of them women.[6][quantify] Human populations tend to be low in areas of low-income countries with high forest cover and high forest biodiversity, but poverty rates in these areas tend to be high.[6] Some 252 million people living in forests and savannahs have incomes of less than US$1.25 per day.[6]
Over the past centuries, forestry was regarded as a separate science. With the rise of ecology and environmental science, there has been a reordering in the applied sciences. In line with this view, forestry is a primary land-use science comparable with agriculture.[10] Under these headings, the fundamentals behind the management of natural forests comes by way of natural ecology. Forests or tree plantations, those whose primary purpose is the extraction of forest products, are planned and managed to utilize a mix of ecological and agroecological principles.[11] In many regions of the world there is considerable conflict between forest practices and other societal priorities such as water quality, watershed preservation, sustainable fishing, conservation, and species preservation.[12]
Silvology (Latin: silva or sylva, "forests and woods"; Ancient Greek: -λογία, -logia, "science of" or "study of") is the biological science of studying forests and woodlands, incorporating the understanding of natural forest ecosystems, and the effects and development of silvicultural practices. The term complements silviculture, which deals with the art and practice of forest management.[13]
Silvology is seen as a single science for forestry and was first used by Professor Roelof A.A. Oldeman at Wageningen University.[14] It integrates the study of forests and forest ecology, dealing with single tree autecology and natural forest ecology.
Dendrology (Ancient Greek: δÃŽÂνδρον, dendron, "tree"; and Ancient Greek: -λογία, -logia, science of or study of) or xylology (Ancient Greek: ξÃÂλον, ksulon, "wood") is the science and study of woody plants (trees, shrubs, and lianas), specifically, their taxonomic classifications.[15] There is no sharp boundary between plant taxonomy and dendrology; woody plants not only belong to many different plant families, but these families may be made up of both woody and non-woody members. Some families include only a few woody species. Dendrology, as a discipline of industrial forestry, tends to focus on identification of economically useful woody plants and their taxonomic interrelationships. As an academic course of study, dendrology will include all woody plants, native and non-native, that occur in a region. A related discipline is the study of sylvics, which focuses on the autecology of genera and species.
The provenance of forest reproductive material used to plant forests has a great influence on how the trees develop, hence why it is important to use forest reproductive material of good quality and of high genetic diversity.[16] More generally, all forest management practices, including in natural regeneration systems, may impact the genetic diversity of trees.
The term genetic diversity describes the differences in DNA sequence between individuals as distinct from variation caused by environmental influences. The unique genetic composition of an individual (its genotype) will determine its performance (its phenotype) at a particular site.[17]
Genetic diversity is needed to maintain the vitality of forests and to provide resilience to pests and diseases. Genetic diversity also ensures that forest trees can survive, adapt and evolve under changing environmental conditions. Furthermore, genetic diversity is the foundation of biological diversity at species and ecosystem levels. Forest genetic resources are therefore important to consider in forest management.[16]
Genetic diversity in forests is threatened by forest fires, pests and diseases, habitat fragmentation, poor silvicultural practices and inappropriate use of forest reproductive material.
About 98 million hectares of forest were affected by fire in 2015; this was mainly in the tropical domain, where fire burned about 4 percent of the total forest area in that year. More than two-thirds of the total forest area affected was in Africa and South America. Insects, diseases and severe weather events damaged about 40 million hectares of forests in 2015, mainly in the temperate and boreal domains.[18]
Furthermore, the marginal populations of many tree species are facing new threats due to the effects of climate change.[16]
Most countries in Europe have recommendations or guidelines for selecting species and provenances that can be used in a given site or zone.[17]
Forest management is a branch of forestry concerned with overall administrative, legal, economic, and social aspects, as well as scientific and technical aspects, such as silviculture, forest protection, and forest regulation. This includes management for timber, aesthetics, recreation, urban values, water, wildlife, inland and nearshore fisheries, wood products, plant genetic resources, and other forest resource values.[19] Management objectives can be for conservation, utilisation, or a mixture of the two. Techniques include timber extraction, planting and replanting of different species, building and maintenance of roads and pathways through forests, and preventing fire.
The first dedicated forestry school was established by Georg Ludwig Hartig at Hungen in the Wetterau, Hesse, in 1787, though forestry had been taught earlier in central Europe, including at the University of Giessen, in Hesse-Darmstadt.
In Spain, the first forestry school was the Forest Engineering School of Madrid (Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Montes), founded in 1844.
The first in North America, the Biltmore Forest School was established near Asheville, North Carolina, by Carl A. Schenck on September 1, 1898, on the grounds of George W. Vanderbilt's Biltmore Estate. Another early school was the New York State College of Forestry, established at Cornell University just a few weeks later, in September 1898.
Early 19th century North American foresters went to Germany to study forestry. Some early German foresters also emigrated to North America.
In South America the first forestry school was established in Brazil, in Viçosa, Minas Gerais, in 1962, and moved the next year to become a faculty at the Federal University of Paraná, in Curitiba.[34]
Today, forestry education typically includes training in general biology, ecology, botany, genetics, soil science, climatology, hydrology, economics and forest management. Education in the basics of sociology and political science is often considered an advantage. Professional skills in conflict resolution and communication are also important in training programs.[35]
In India, forestry education is imparted in the agricultural universities and in Forest Research Institutes (deemed universities). Four year degree programmes are conducted in these universities at the undergraduate level. Masters and Doctorate degrees are also available in these universities.
In the United States, postsecondary forestry education leading to a Bachelor's degree or Master's degree is accredited by the Society of American Foresters.[36]
In Canada the Canadian Institute of Forestry awards silver rings to graduates from accredited university BSc programs, as well as college and technical programs.[37]
In many European countries, training in forestry is made in accordance with requirements of the Bologna Process and the European Higher Education Area.
The International Union of Forest Research Organizations is the only international organization that coordinates forest science efforts worldwide.[38]
In order to keep up with changing demands and environmental factors, forestry education does not stop at graduation. Increasingly, forestry professionals engage in regular training to maintain and improve on their management practices. An increasingly popular tool are marteloscopes; one hectare large, rectangular forest sites where all trees are numbered, mapped and recorded.
These sites can be used to do virtual thinnings and test one's wood quality and volume estimations as well as tree microhabitats. This system is mainly suitable to regions with small-scale multi-functional forest management systems
Forestry literature is the books, journals and other publications about forestry.
The first major works about forestry in the English language included Roger Taverner's Booke of Survey (1565), John Manwood's A Brefe Collection of the Lawes of the Forrest (1592) and John Evelyn's Sylva (1662).[39]
cite book
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The Society of American Foresters grants accreditation only to specific educational curricula that lead to a first professional degree in forestry at the bachelor's or master's level.
This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 (license statement/permission). Text taken from Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings​, FAO, FAO.
This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (license statement/permission). Text taken from The State of the World's Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief​, FAO & UNEP, FAO & UNEP.
This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0 (license statement/permission). Text taken from World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023​, FAO, FAO.
Arboriculture (/ˈɑËÂrbÉ™rɪˌkÊŒltʃər, É‘ËÂrˈbÉâ€Ã‹Âr-/)[1] is the cultivation, management, and study of individual trees, shrubs, vines, and other perennial woody plants. The science of arboriculture studies how these plants grow and respond to cultural practices and to their environment. The practice of arboriculture includes cultural techniques such as selection, planting, training, fertilization, pest and pathogen control, pruning, shaping, and removal.
A person who practices or studies arboriculture can be termed an arborist or an arboriculturist. A tree surgeon is more typically someone who is trained in the physical maintenance and manipulation of trees and therefore more a part of the arboriculture process rather than an arborist. Risk management, legal issues, and aesthetic considerations have come to play prominent roles in the practice of arboriculture. Businesses often need to hire arboriculturists to complete "tree hazard surveys" and generally manage the trees on-site to fulfill occupational safety and health obligations.[citation needed]
Arboriculture is primarily focused on individual woody plants and trees maintained for permanent landscape and amenity purposes, usually in gardens, parks or other populated settings, by arborists, for the enjoyment, protection, and benefit of people.[citation needed]
Arboricultural matters are also considered to be within the practice of urban forestry yet the clear and separate divisions are not distinct or discreet.[citation needed]
Tree benefits are the economic, ecological, social and aesthetic use, function purpose, or services of a tree (or group of trees), in its situational context in the landscape.
A tree defect is any feature, condition, or deformity of a tree that indicates weak structure or instability that could contribute to tree failure.
Common types of tree defects:
Codominant stems: two or more stems that grow upward from a single point of origin and compete with one another.
Included bark: bark is incorporated in the joint between two limbs, creating a weak attachment
Dead, diseased, or broken branches:
Cracks
Cavity and hollows: sunken or open areas wherein a tree has suffered injury followed by decay. Further indications include: fungal fruiting structures, insect or animal nests.
Lean: a lean of more than 40% from vertical presents a risk of tree failure
Taper: change in diameter over the length of trunks branches and roots
Epicormic branches (water sprouts in canopy or suckers from root system): often grow in response to major damage or excessive pruning
Roots:
Proper tree installation ensures the long-term viability of the tree and reduces the risk of tree failure.
Quality nursery stock must be used. There must be no visible damage or sign of disease. Ideally the tree should have good crown structure. A healthy root ball should not have circling roots and new fibrous roots should be present at the soil perimeter. Girdling or circling roots should be pruned out. Excess soil above the root flare should be removed immediately, since it present a risk of disease ingress into the trunk.
Appropriate time of year to plant: generally fall or early spring in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere.
Planting hole: the planting hole should be 3 times the width of the root ball. The hole should be dug deep enough that when the root ball is placed on the substrate, the root flare is 3–5cm above the surrounding soil grade. If soil is left against the trunk, it may lead to bark, cambium and wood decay. Angular sides to the planting hole will encourage roots to grow radially from the trunk, rather than circling the planting hole. In urban settings, soil preparation may include the use of:
Tree wells: a zone of mulch can be installed around the tree trunk to: limit root zone competition (from turf or weeds), reduce soil compaction, improve soil structure, conserve moisture, and keep lawn equipment at a distance. No more than 5–10cm of mulch should be used to avoid suffocating the roots. Mulch must be kept approximately 20cm from the trunk to avoid burying the root flare. With city trees additional tree well preparation includes:
Tree grates/grill and frames: limit compaction on root zone and mechanical damage to roots and trunk
Root barriers: forces roots to grow down under surface asphalt/concrete/pavers to limit infrastructure damage from roots
Staking: newly planted, immature trees should be staked for one growing season to allow for the root system to establish. Staking for longer than one season should only be considered in situations where the root system has failed to establish sufficient structural support. Guy wires can be used for larger, newly planted trees. Care must be used to avoid stem girdling from the support system ties.
Irrigation: irrigation infrastructure may be installed to ensure a regular water supply throughout the lifetime of the tree. Wicking beds are an underground reservoir from which water is wicked into soil. Watering bags may be temporarily installed around tree stakes to provide water until the root system becomes established. Permeable paving allows for water infiltration in paved urban settings, such as parks and walkways.
Within the United Kingdom trees are considered as a material consideration within the town planning system and may be conserved as amenity landscape[2] features.
The role of the Arborist or Local Government Arboricultural Officer is likely to have a great effect on such matters. Identification of trees of high quality which may have extensive longevity is a key element in the preservation of trees.
Urban and rural trees may benefit from statutory protection under the Town and Country Planning[3] system. Such protection can result in the conservation and improvement of the urban forest as well as rural settlements.
Historically the profession divides into the operational and professional areas. These might be further subdivided into the private and public sectors. The profession is broadly considered as having one trade body known as the Arboricultural Association, although the Institute of Chartered Foresters offers a route for professional recognition and chartered arboriculturist status.
The qualifications associated with the industry range from vocational to Doctorate. Arboriculture is a comparatively young industry.
We recently had five large pine trees taken down in our front yard. We had three bids from different tree companies. We also wanted the stumps ground as well as chasing roots above ground. Rudy was fantastic and his workers were very skilled and the clean up was exceptional. We would highly recommend them and not hesitate to use them again.
Used Rudy and All In Tree for numerous things over the last year and a half. Pricing is Competitive. Very responsive to calls and tests. I like that they're insured. Did what he said what he was going to do and when he said he was going to do it. A couple of things didn't meet my expectations and he immediately came out and made it right. I have recommended to multiple other people.
Update! 10/10/23 After they helped me last month, All in Tree Service has again saved the day! A couple of large trees washed down the creek on my property recently and one of them was lodged against the pipes that go from my house to the street. There were other large tree trunks in the creek as well and also one wedged against the supports for my bridge. The All In team went to work and within a couple of hours had everything cleaned up and removed. The pipes and the bridge are safe! I recommend this team wholeheartedly. They care about what they do and it shows. Thank you! I’m very grateful. This team exemplifies professionalism. The before and after pictures tell a great story. September 2023 I recently was fortunate enough to find Rudy and Yaremi of All In Tree Services. A very large and very high limb on a big oak tree was hanging after a storm. It was a danger to me, to my dogs and to the fence below it. I had never met Rudy and Yaremi before. They were the first to call me back when I started my search for a reliable tree service. They clearly wanted the business so I gave them a chance. I’m so glad I did. They were very impressive! Their strategy and teamwork were incredible. Clearly they are very experienced at this kind of work. I took some pictures but I wish I had filmed the whole thing. It was amazing. They roped off the limb so it would not fall on anything or anyone. Then they quickly got the limb cut and safely on the ground and helped to clear up the debris. I am extremely happy with their service and with the friendly and professional manner with which they conducted themselves. I have already recommended them to my neighbors and I strongly encourage anyone who needs tree services to call them.
All professional service. Timely, efficient, friendly. I had big old dead trees that I feared daily were going to come down. I called them in an emergency and they came the very next morning, no problem, no excuses. The guys were about service and me as a customer. They saw what I needed and went above and beyond to make sure I was a satisfied customer. I am a satisfied customer. I will use this company again and again. Thank you Rudy.