Storm or weatherrelated damage

Brief overview of common types of weather-related damages caused by storms, hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, and other severe weather events.

Storms and severe weather events are powerful forces of nature that can cause extensive damage to communities, ecosystems, infrastructure, and personal properties. The damages inflicted by such events depend largely on their type, intensity, and the geographical context in which they occur. This essay provides a brief overview of common types of weather-related damages caused by storms, hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, and other severe weather phenomena.


1. Hurricanes: Often characterized by strong winds, heavy rainfall, and storm surges, hurricanes can lead to catastrophic damage. The high winds can uproot trees, tear roofs off buildings, and hurl debris like deadly projectiles. The storm surge - an abnormal rise of water generated by a storm - is one of the most dangerous elements of a hurricane. It can lead to extensive flooding in coastal areas, erode beaches, destroy homes and businesses located near the shorelines.


2. Tornadoes: These violently rotating columns of air are known for their capability to cause localized yet intense damage. Tornadoes can demolish well-built structures, overturn cars and mobile homes with relative ease due to the intense wind speeds that may exceed 200 miles per hour in extreme cases. The path of a tornado is often marked by a distinct trail of devastation where virtually nothing remains intact.


3. Floods: Resulting from heavy rains brought about by storms or melting snow exceeding the absorptive capacity of soil and drainage systems, floods can cause widespread damage over large areas. They not only ruin crops but also infiltrate homes causing structural damages and promoting mold growth due to prolonged exposure to moisture. Urban flooding particularly highlights human vulnerability as roads turn into rivers impeding emergency services while damaging vital infrastructure such as bridges or sewage systems.


4. Thunderstorms: While not always severe, thunderstorms can produce hail or lightning that poses significant risks. Hail can destroy crops, dent vehicles and shatter windows; whereas lightning strikes are potent enough to ignite fires or electrocute individuals directly exposed under open skies or near tall objects.


5. Ice Storms: Predominantly occurring in colder climates during winter months when temperatures hover around freezing point. Ice storms coat everything with heavy ice leading to weighted down trees that snap power lines resulting in widespread power outages which make it difficult for heatings systems to operate thereby increasing cases of hypothermia among affected populations.


6. Windstorms: Separate from tornadoes or hurricanes' rotational winds are straight-line winds which encompass all types including derechos - fast-moving bands of thunderstorms with destructive winds capable of ripping apart barns turning loose items into airborne hazards.


The aftermath of any severe weather event often requires significant response efforts from local governments and humanitarian agencies focusing both on immediate relief as well as long-term recovery operations aimed at rebuilding what was lost or damaged during these devastating natural occurrences.

Brief overview of common types of weather-related damages caused by storms, hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, and other severe weather events.

The Science Behind Weather Damage

The Science Behind Weather Damage: Unraveling the Impact of Storms


Weather is not just a daily topic of small talk; it is a powerful natural force that shapes our environment, communities, and lives. Understanding the science behind weather damage is crucial for preparing and responding to storm-related disasters effectively. This essay delves into the mechanisms through which storms cause damage, explores examples of severe weather events, and discusses advances in meteorology that help mitigate their impact.


At its core, weather damage from storms can be attributed to several factors including wind, water, and impact from debris. Wind is perhaps the most visually dramatic aspect of a storm. High-speed winds have the capability to uproot trees, detach roof shingles, and even topple vehicles. The scale used to measure wind speed during tornadoes and hurricanes-like the Fujita Scale and Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale-helps meteorologists predict potential damage outcomes based on wind velocity.


Flooding is another significant contributor to weather-related damage, particularly with hurricanes and heavy rainfall events. When large amounts of rain fall within a short period, drainage systems can become overwhelmed leading to floods that inundate homes, roads, and bridges. Prolonged water exposure severely compromises structural integrity making buildings more susceptible to future issues like mold growth and foundational erosion.


Storm surges are yet another peril associated with storms. They occur when strong winds push water towards the shore during a storm, raising the sea level dramatically above normal tidal conditions. This sudden influx can devastate coastal communities as was vividly seen during Hurricane Katrina in 2005 or more recently Hurricane Sandy in 2012.


Ice storms bring about a different kind of havoc – coating everything they touch with ice due to freezing rain. The weight of ice can snap power lines and branches easily, leading to power outages and blocked roads which isolate communities.


On top of these physical impacts are secondary effects such as landslides triggered by heavy rains or wildfires that follow lightning strikes. Each type of storm has its unique patterns of destruction influenced by geographic location, climatic conditions, and urban planning.


Advancements in meteorological science have played a key role in minimizing these dangers. Improved satellite imaging techniques allow for earlier detection of severe weather conditions giving residents ample time to evacuate or prepare accordingly. Doppler radar technology enhances our ability to track storm movements with greater accuracy while computer models simulate various scenarios helping planners devise effective emergency responses.


Public education campaigns also serve an essential function educating people on safety precautions necessary during different types of extreme weather events whether it be securing loose objects before high winds arrive or evacuating flood-prone areas ahead of expected surges.


In conclusion understanding the science behind weather damage illuminates why certain regions are more vulnerable than others what measures can help protect structures individuals alike from harm's way; all this knowledge arms us better against nature's unpredictable temperament thereby potentially saving lives properties alike whenever next big storm hits.

Explanation of how different weather phenomena occur and the impact they have on natural and man-made structures.

Weather phenomena are various atmospheric conditions that manifest in forms such as storms, hurricanes, tornadoes, blizzards, and heatwaves. Understanding how these phenomena occur and the impacts they have on both natural and man-made environments is crucial for preparing and mitigating their effects.


To start with the basics, weather phenomena result primarily from the dynamics of the Earth's atmosphere, changes in temperature, moisture content, and pressure gradients. For example, thunderstorms develop when warm moist air rises into a cooler atmosphere, causing the moisture to condense into clouds that can produce heavy rain and lightning. These storms can lead to flooding or structural damage due to strong winds.


On a larger scale, hurricanes form over warm ocean waters where heated air from the ocean surface rises rapidly, creating a low-pressure zone beneath. As more air rushes inwards towards this low-pressure area and spirals upwards, it cools down, depositing massive rain clouds that circle around a relatively calm center known as the eye. The destructive power of hurricanes is evident in their capacity to uproot communities through widespread flooding and high-speed winds that can dismantle buildings and infrastructure.


Tornadoes are another violent weather phenomenon characterized by their rotating column of air touching both the cloud base and the ground. They can arise during severe thunderstorms when there are significant temperature gradients in conjunction with specific wind patterns. Tornadoes cause localized damage but with intense severity; they can obliterate houses, flip cars, and snap trees within minutes.


Colder climates face blizzards which combine low temperatures with high wind speeds and heavy snowfall. The accumulation of snow can collapse roofs and block roads leading to isolation of areas for days. Additionally, ice accumulation during such events can break power lines resulting in loss of heating which poses severe risks especially in regions where temperatures remain sub-zero for extended periods.


The impact of these weather phenomena on natural structures includes soil erosion caused by heavy rains; destruction of animal habitats through flooding or wildfires sparked by lightning; crop damage due to hail or droughts; and alteration of water bodies from sediment runoff after rains.


Man-made structures are affected differently: buildings need specific architectural considerations depending on prevalent weather conditions like wind-resistant materials for hurricane-prone areas or elevated foundations for flood zones. Infrastructure must be designed with contingencies for rapid changes - such as drainage systems capable of handling sudden deluges or power grids that can withstand ice loads.


Understanding these impacts aids not just in building resilient communities but also influences insurance economics, disaster preparedness policies, emergency response strategies and even urban planning-all geared towards minimizing human vulnerability to nature's caprices.


Overall, studying different weather phenomena helps us appreciate the force they hold over our environment while emphasizing our responsibility toward sustainable living practices that consider long-term climatic variability.

Explanation of how different weather phenomena occur and the impact they have on natural and man-made structures.
Preparing for a Storm

Preparing for a Storm

Preparing for a Storm: Essential Steps to Mitigate Weather-Related Damage


Storms, whether they manifest as thunderstorms, hurricanes, or blizzards, are forces of nature that can cause significant disruptions and damage. Being prepared can drastically reduce the risks associated with severe weather conditions. Here’s how individuals and communities can brace themselves effectively.


Understanding the Threat
The first step in storm preparation is understanding the specific threats posed by different types of storms in your area. Coastal regions often face hurricanes, while Tornado Alley in the U.S. is prone to tornadoes. The local weather service usually provides information on what to expect and when to expect it, making it a valuable resource for planning.


Developing an Emergency Plan
Every household should develop an emergency plan that includes safe evacuation routes and meeting points for family members if they become separated. It’s crucial to discuss and practice this plan several times a year so that every family member knows what to do when disaster strikes.


Assembling an Emergency Kit
An essential component of storm preparation is assembling an emergency kit that includes items such as water (one gallon per person per day), non-perishable food, flashlights, a first-aid kit, batteries, medications, and important documents in waterproof containers. This kit can be a lifeline during power outages or if you need to evacuate quickly.


Securing Your Home
Physical preparations around the home are also vital. This might include trimming trees that could fall on your house, securing loose items that could become projectiles in high winds, installing storm shutters, reinforcing garage doors and roofs, and ensuring proper drainage around your property to avoid flooding.


Staying Informed
During storm season, stay informed by monitoring weather forecasts regularly. Technology offers apps and alerts that provide real-time updates about severe weather conditions approaching your area. This timely information is critical for making informed decisions about whether to evacuate or shelter in place.


Community Preparedness
Community preparedness is just as important as individual preparedness. Community centers often serve as shelters or aid distribution centers during emergencies. Ensuring these facilities are adequately equipped and operational can make a huge difference in the aftermath of a storm.


Insurance Checks
Finally, ensure your insurance covers the types of damages typical storms might cause in your region. Reviewing your policy annually will keep you aware of what is covered and help you adjust coverage as needed based on changes in climate patterns or property value.


In conclusion, preparing for a storm involves thorough planning both individually and within community settings. By understanding potential threats, developing solid emergency plans, securing homes against damage, staying informed through reliable sources, and ensuring appropriate insurance coverage are all pivotal steps towards mitigating the impact of storms on our lives and livelihoods.

Tips and strategies for safeguarding homes, businesses, and communities against potential storm damage including emergency kits, structural reinforcements, and evacuation plans.

As the planet experiences increasingly severe weather patterns due to climate change, it is crucial for individuals and communities to take proactive measures to protect homes, businesses, and public spaces from potential storm damage. This essay explores practical tips and strategies that can be employed to mitigate the impact of such weather-related events.


The first line of defense against storm damage is preparation. One fundamental step is assembling an emergency kit that includes essentials like water, non-perishable food, a flashlight with extra batteries, a first-aid kit, necessary medications, critical documents in waterproof containers, and cash. These items are vital in the event of power loss or when evacuation becomes necessary.


Structural reinforcement plays a critical role in safeguarding property. For homeowners, this might include installing storm shutters to protect windows from flying debris or reinforcing roofing materials to withstand high winds. Regular maintenance checks on the structure can identify potential vulnerabilities that may be exacerbated by severe weather conditions. Additionally, ensuring proper drainage around buildings can help prevent floodwaters from accumulating and causing structural damage.


For businesses, particularly those with physical storefronts or facilities, it's equally important to secure large equipment and outdoor signs that could become hazards in high winds. Commercial properties should also have a continuity plan that includes data backup solutions and alternative operating locations if the primary site becomes unusable.


Communities as a whole benefit immensely from comprehensive planning. Local governments often provide resources for storm preparedness which should be utilized fully. Establishing community response teams can facilitate effective coordination during emergencies. These teams can assist in clear communication of evacuation routes and safe zones tailored to specific areas within the community.


Speaking of evacuation plans, they are essential especially in regions prone to hurricanes or floods. Both families and businesses should practice these plans regularly so everyone knows exactly what to do when a storm hits. Routes should be clearly mapped out with alternatives in case primary paths are obstructed or unsafe.


Educational programs can also play a pivotal role in preparing communities for dealing with severe weather conditions. Schools and community centers offering seminars on how to effectively prepare for and respond to storms empower residents with knowledge which is just as critical as physical reinforcements.


In conclusion, while storms cannot be prevented, their damage can certainly be mitigated through thoughtful preparation and community cooperation. By investing time into assembling emergency kits, reinforcing structures appropriately both at home and at workspaces, practicing evacuation plans thoroughly alongside engaging local resources for improved infrastructure resilience; homes businesses and entire communities stand a better chance against the ravages of severe weather.

Tips and strategies for safeguarding homes, businesses, and communities against potential storm damage including emergency kits, structural reinforcements, and evacuation plans.
Immediate Actions During Severe Weather
Immediate Actions During Severe Weather

Severe weather, ranging from hurricanes and tornadoes to severe thunderstorms and flash floods, poses significant threats to life and property. Understanding the immediate actions to take during such events can markedly reduce the risks associated with these natural disasters.


Firstly, staying informed is critical. Before severe weather strikes, ensure access to a reliable source of information such as a weather radio, smartphone alerts, or local news channels. Timely information about approaching severe weather can provide crucial minutes for you to react appropriately.


When a storm warning is issued, seeking shelter should be your immediate priority. If at home or in a building that is structurally sound, move to the safest area—usually an interior room on the lowest floor with no windows. In cases of tornadoes or extreme wind events, basements or storm shelters are preferable. For those caught outside without time to reach a better shelter, finding a low-lying area away from trees and cars could minimize injury from flying debris; however, beware of potential flooding in these areas.


For individuals in mobile homes or temporary structures, plan ahead by knowing the location of a more secure building or storm shelter. Mobile homes can easily be overturned or severely damaged even by less intense storms.


In addition to securing personal safety, it is important to protect important documents and have an emergency kit ready. This kit should include basics such as water, non-perishable food, medications, flashlights, batteries, and first aid supplies. Ensure that all family members know where this kit is stored and how to use its contents.


If evacuation orders are issued due to hurricanes or widespread flooding threats, leave as early as possible to avoid last-minute rushes and potentially dangerous traffic conditions. Have a pre-planned route and follow recommended evacuation paths—avoiding any shortcuts that might be compromised by the storm.


During severe storms that result in power outages, turn off major electrical appliances to prevent damage from sudden surges when power returns. Use flashlights instead of candles whenever possible to avoid fire hazards.


Communication plays a vital role during storms; thus keeping mobile phones charged and having backup power sources like battery packs can help maintain lines of communication open with family members who are not together during the storm.


Lastly but importantly is after-storm safety—avoid touching fallen power lines or wading through floodwaters which may be electrically charged from underground or downed power lines. Additionally, floodwater can also carry harmful materials like chemicals and diseases.


Immediate actions during severe weather focus on protection of life followed by minimizing property damage whenever feasible. Preparation before season changes coupled with quick response when severe weather warnings are issued greatly increases safety for everyone involved.

Lithia Springs may refer to:

The International Society of Arboriculture, commonly known as ISA, is an international non-profit organization headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia,[1] United States. The ISA serves the tree care industry as a paid membership association and a credentialing organization that promotes the professional practice of arboriculture.[2] ISA focuses on providing research, technology, and education opportunities for tree care professionals to develop their arboricultural expertise. ISA also works to educate the general public about the benefits of trees and the need for proper tree care.[3][4]

Worldwide, ISA has 22,000 members and 31,000 ISA-certified tree care professionals with 59 chapters, associate organizations, and professional affiliates throughout North America, Asia, Oceania, Europe, and South America.[5]

Credentials

[edit]

ISA offers the following credentials:

  • ISA Certified Arborist
  • ISA Certified Arborist Utility Specialist (for those maintaining vegetation around electric utility wires)
  • ISA Certified Arborist Municipal Specialist (for those with additional experience managing public urban trees)
  • ISA Certified Tree Climber
  • ISA Certified Tree Worker Aerial Lift Specialist
  • ISA Board Certified Master Arborist
  • ISA Tree Risk Assessment Qualification

ISA Certified Arborist

[edit]
James Kinder, an ISA Certified Municipal Arborist, examining a Japanese hemlock at Hoyt Arboretum
A Hinoki cypress receiving some corrective pruning by a certified arborist in Oregon

The Certified Arborist credential identifies professional arborists who have a minimum of three years' full-time experience working in the professional tree care industry and who have passed an examination covering facets of arboriculture.[6][7] The Western Chapter of the ISA started the certification program in the 1980s,[citation needed] with the ISA initiating it in 1992.[8]

ISA Board Certified Master Arborist

[edit]

The Board Certified Master Arborist (BCMA) or simply Master Arborist credential identifies professional arborists who have attained the highest level of arboriculture offered by the ISA and one of the two top levels in the field. There are several paths to the Board Certified Master Arborist, but typically on average each has been an ISA Certified Arborist a minimum of three to five years before qualifying for the exam (this can vary depending upon other education and experience). The certification began as a result of the need to distinguish the top few arborists and allow others to identify those with superior credentials.

The Master Arborist examination is a far more extensive exam than the Certified Arborist Exam, and covers a broad scope of both aboriculture management, science and work practices. The exam includes the following areas:

  • Science: Abiotic Influences; Biology; Biotic Influences; Diagnostic Process; Diagnostic Tools; Plant Identification and Selection; Soil Sciences
  • Practice: Climbing, Rigging, and Removal; Installation; IPM; Water Management; Pruning; Soil Treatments; Soil & protection
  • Management: Business Relations; Inventory and Management Plans; Plant Appraisal; Risk Assessment; Safety; Tree Preservation

Another credential that is on a par with the Master Arborist is that of the American Society of Consulting Arborists, the Registered Consulting Arborist.[9] There are perhaps six hundred individuals with that qualification, and only 70 arborists who hold both credentials.[citation needed]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "International Society of Arboriculture homepage". www.isa-arbor.com. Retrieved 2022-11-03.
  2. ^ "International Society of Arboriculture > Who We Are > Our Services". www.isa-arbor.com. Retrieved 2022-11-03.
  3. ^ "International Society of Arboriculture > Online Learning". www.isa-arbor.com. Retrieved 2022-11-03.
  4. ^ "International Society of Arboriculture > Membership > Student Programs". www.isa-arbor.com. Retrieved 2022-11-03.
  5. ^ "International Society of Arboriculture > Who We Are > Our Network". www.isa-arbor.com. Retrieved 2022-11-03.
  6. ^ "ISA Certified Arborist". International Society of Arboriculture. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
  7. ^ Konijnendijk, Cecil C.; Randrup, Thomas B. (2005). "Urban forestry education". In Konijnendijk, Cecil C.; Nilsson, Kjell; Randrup, Thomas B.; Schipperijn, Jasper (eds.). Urban Forests and Trees: A Reference Book. Berlin: Springer. p. 470. ISBN 9783540276845.
  8. ^ Koeser, Andrew K.; Hauer, Richard J.; Miesbauer, Jason W.; Peterson, Ward (2016). "Municipal tree risk assessment in the United States: Findings from a comprehensive survey of urban forest management". Arboricultural Journal. 38 (4): 218–229. doi:10.1080/03071375.2016.1221178.
  9. ^ "What is a consulting arborist?". American Society of Consulting Arborists. Archived from the original on 2010-10-17. Retrieved 2012-06-11.
[edit]
A Timberjack wheeled harvester stacking cut timber in Finland

Forestry is the science and craft of creating, managing, planting, using, conserving and repairing forests and woodlands for associated resources for human and environmental benefits.[1] Forestry is practiced in plantations and natural stands.[2] The science of forestry has elements that belong to the biological, physical, social, political and managerial sciences.[3] Forest management plays an essential role in the creation and modification of habitats and affects ecosystem services provisioning.[4]

Modern forestry generally embraces a broad range of concerns, in what is known as multiple-use management, including: the provision of timber, fuel wood, wildlife habitat, natural water quality management, recreation, landscape and community protection, employment, aesthetically appealing landscapes, biodiversity management, watershed management, erosion control, and preserving forests as "sinks" for atmospheric carbon dioxide.

Forest ecosystems have come to be seen as the most important component of the biosphere,[5] and forestry has emerged as a vital applied science, craft, and technology. A practitioner of forestry is known as a forester. Another common term is silviculturist. Silviculture is narrower than forestry, being concerned only with forest plants, but is often used synonymously with forestry.

All people depend upon forests and their biodiversity, some more than others.[6] Forestry is an important economic segment in various industrial countries,[7] as forests provide more than 86 million green jobs and support the livelihoods of many more people.[6] For example, in Germany, forests cover nearly a third of the land area,[8] wood is the most important renewable resource, and forestry supports more than a million jobs and about €181 billion of value to the German economy each year.[9]

Worldwide, an estimated 880 million people spend part of their time collecting fuelwood or producing charcoal, many of them women.[6][quantify] Human populations tend to be low in areas of low-income countries with high forest cover and high forest biodiversity, but poverty rates in these areas tend to be high.[6] Some 252 million people living in forests and savannahs have incomes of less than US$1.25 per day.[6]

Science

[edit]

Forestry as a science

[edit]

Over the past centuries, forestry was regarded as a separate science. With the rise of ecology and environmental science, there has been a reordering in the applied sciences. In line with this view, forestry is a primary land-use science comparable with agriculture.[10] Under these headings, the fundamentals behind the management of natural forests comes by way of natural ecology. Forests or tree plantations, those whose primary purpose is the extraction of forest products, are planned and managed to utilize a mix of ecological and agroecological principles.[11] In many regions of the world there is considerable conflict between forest practices and other societal priorities such as water quality, watershed preservation, sustainable fishing, conservation, and species preservation.[12]

Silvology

[edit]

Silvology (Latin: silva or sylva, "forests and woods"; Ancient Greek: -λογία, -logia, "science of" or "study of") is the biological science of studying forests and woodlands, incorporating the understanding of natural forest ecosystems, and the effects and development of silvicultural practices. The term complements silviculture, which deals with the art and practice of forest management.[13]

Silvology is seen as a single science for forestry and was first used by Professor Roelof A.A. Oldeman at Wageningen University.[14] It integrates the study of forests and forest ecology, dealing with single tree autecology and natural forest ecology.

Dendrology

[edit]
Leaf shape is a common method used to identify trees.

Dendrology (Ancient Greek: δένδρον, dendron, "tree"; and Ancient Greek: -λογία, -logia, science of or study of) or xylology (Ancient Greek: ξύλον, ksulon, "wood") is the science and study of woody plants (trees, shrubs, and lianas), specifically, their taxonomic classifications.[15] There is no sharp boundary between plant taxonomy and dendrology; woody plants not only belong to many different plant families, but these families may be made up of both woody and non-woody members. Some families include only a few woody species. Dendrology, as a discipline of industrial forestry, tends to focus on identification of economically useful woody plants and their taxonomic interrelationships. As an academic course of study, dendrology will include all woody plants, native and non-native, that occur in a region. A related discipline is the study of sylvics, which focuses on the autecology of genera and species.

In the past, dendrology included the study of the natural history of woody species in specific regions, but this aspect is now considered part of ecology. The field also plays a role in conserving rare or endangered species.[15]

Genetic diversity in forestry

[edit]

The provenance of forest reproductive material used to plant forests has a great influence on how the trees develop, hence why it is important to use forest reproductive material of good quality and of high genetic diversity.[16] More generally, all forest management practices, including in natural regeneration systems, may impact the genetic diversity of trees.

The term genetic diversity describes the differences in DNA sequence between individuals as distinct from variation caused by environmental influences. The unique genetic composition of an individual (its genotype) will determine its performance (its phenotype) at a particular site.[17]

Genetic diversity is needed to maintain the vitality of forests and to provide resilience to pests and diseases. Genetic diversity also ensures that forest trees can survive, adapt and evolve under changing environmental conditions. Furthermore, genetic diversity is the foundation of biological diversity at species and ecosystem levels. Forest genetic resources are therefore important to consider in forest management.[16]

Genetic diversity in forests is threatened by forest fires, pests and diseases, habitat fragmentation, poor silvicultural practices and inappropriate use of forest reproductive material.

About 98 million hectares of forest were affected by fire in 2015; this was mainly in the tropical domain, where fire burned about 4 percent of the total forest area in that year. More than two-thirds of the total forest area affected was in Africa and South America. Insects, diseases and severe weather events damaged about 40 million hectares of forests in 2015, mainly in the temperate and boreal domains.[18]

Furthermore, the marginal populations of many tree species are facing new threats due to the effects of climate change.[16]

Most countries in Europe have recommendations or guidelines for selecting species and provenances that can be used in a given site or zone.[17]

Forest management

[edit]
 
Sustainable forest management balances local socioeconomic, cultural, and ecological needs and constraints.

Forest management is a branch of forestry concerned with overall administrative, legal, economic, and social aspects, as well as scientific and technical aspects, such as silviculture, forest protection, and forest regulation. This includes management for timber, aesthetics, recreation, urban values, water, wildlife, inland and nearshore fisheries, wood products, plant genetic resources, and other forest resource values.[19] Management objectives can be for conservation, utilisation, or a mixture of the two. Techniques include timber extraction, planting and replanting of different species, building and maintenance of roads and pathways through forests, and preventing fire.

Many tools like remote sensing, GIS and photogrammetry[20][21] modelling have been developed to improve forest inventory and management planning.[22] Scientific research plays a crucial role in helping forest management. For example, climate modeling,[23][24][25] biodiversity research,[26][27] carbon sequestration research,[24][28][29] GIS applications,[30][31] and long-term monitoring[25][32] help assess and improve forest management, ensuring its effectiveness and success.

Urban forestry

[edit]
 
Tree pruning in Durham, North Carolina
Professional Tree Climber (arborist: Zack Weiler) climbing a willow tree in Port Elgin, ON. Canada
James Kinder, an ISA Certified Municipal Arborist examining a Japanese Hemlock at Hoyt Arboretum
Urban forestry is the care and management of single trees and tree populations in urban settings for the purpose of improving the urban environment. Urban forestry involves both planning and management, including the programming of care and maintenance operations of the urban forest.[33] Urban forestry advocates the role of trees as a critical part of the urban infrastructure. Urban foresters plant and maintain trees, support appropriate tree and forest preservation, conduct research and promote the many benefits trees provide. Urban forestry is practiced by municipal and commercial arborists, municipal and utility foresters, environmental policymakers, city planners, consultants, educators, researchers and community activists.

Forestry education

[edit]

History of forestry education

[edit]

The first dedicated forestry school was established by Georg Ludwig Hartig at Hungen in the Wetterau, Hesse, in 1787, though forestry had been taught earlier in central Europe, including at the University of Giessen, in Hesse-Darmstadt.

In Spain, the first forestry school was the Forest Engineering School of Madrid (Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Montes), founded in 1844.

The first in North America, the Biltmore Forest School was established near Asheville, North Carolina, by Carl A. Schenck on September 1, 1898, on the grounds of George W. Vanderbilt's Biltmore Estate. Another early school was the New York State College of Forestry, established at Cornell University just a few weeks later, in September 1898.

Early 19th century North American foresters went to Germany to study forestry. Some early German foresters also emigrated to North America.

In South America the first forestry school was established in Brazil, in Viçosa, Minas Gerais, in 1962, and moved the next year to become a faculty at the Federal University of Paraná, in Curitiba.[34]

Forestry education today

[edit]
Prescribed burning is used by foresters to reduce fuel loads.

Today, forestry education typically includes training in general biology, ecology, botany, genetics, soil science, climatology, hydrology, economics and forest management. Education in the basics of sociology and political science is often considered an advantage. Professional skills in conflict resolution and communication are also important in training programs.[35]

In India, forestry education is imparted in the agricultural universities and in Forest Research Institutes (deemed universities). Four year degree programmes are conducted in these universities at the undergraduate level. Masters and Doctorate degrees are also available in these universities.

In the United States, postsecondary forestry education leading to a Bachelor's degree or Master's degree is accredited by the Society of American Foresters.[36]

In Canada the Canadian Institute of Forestry awards silver rings to graduates from accredited university BSc programs, as well as college and technical programs.[37]

In many European countries, training in forestry is made in accordance with requirements of the Bologna Process and the European Higher Education Area.

The International Union of Forest Research Organizations is the only international organization that coordinates forest science efforts worldwide.[38]

Continuing education

[edit]

In order to keep up with changing demands and environmental factors, forestry education does not stop at graduation. Increasingly, forestry professionals engage in regular training to maintain and improve on their management practices. An increasingly popular tool are marteloscopes; one hectare large, rectangular forest sites where all trees are numbered, mapped and recorded.

These sites can be used to do virtual thinnings and test one's wood quality and volume estimations as well as tree microhabitats. This system is mainly suitable to regions with small-scale multi-functional forest management systems

History

[edit]

Society and culture

[edit]

Literature

[edit]
The first book edition of Sylva

Forestry literature is the books, journals and other publications about forestry.

The first major works about forestry in the English language included Roger Taverner's Booke of Survey (1565), John Manwood's A Brefe Collection of the Lawes of the Forrest (1592) and John Evelyn's Sylva (1662).[39]

Noted silvologists

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "SAFnet Dictionary | Definition For [forestry]". Dictionaryofforestry.org. 2008-10-22. Archived from the original on 2013-10-19. Retrieved 2014-03-15.
  2. ^ "Seed Origin -pinga Forestry Focus". Forestry Focus. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
  3. ^ Young, Raymond A. (1982). Introduction to Forest Science. John Wiley & Sons. p. ix. ISBN 978-0-471-06438-1.
  4. ^ Frouz, Jan; Frouzová, Jaroslava (2022). Applied Ecology. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-83225-4. ISBN 978-3-030-83224-7. S2CID 245009867.
  5. ^ "ecosystem part of biosphere". Tutorvista.com. Archived from the original on 2013-11-11. Retrieved 2014-03-15.
  6. ^ a b c d e The State of the World's Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief. Rome: FAO & UNEP. 2020. doi:10.4060/ca8985en. ISBN 978-92-5-132707-4. S2CID 241416114.
  7. ^ "How does the forest industry contribute to the economy?". www.nrcan.gc.ca. 26 August 2014. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
  8. ^ Bundeswaldinventur 2002 Archived 2014-10-06 at the Wayback Machine, Bundesministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz (BMELV), retrieved, 17 January 2010
  9. ^ Unternehmen Wald, forests as an enterprise, German private forestry association website Archived 2016-09-18 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ Wojtkowski, Paul A. (2002) Agroecological Perspectives in Agronomy, Forestry and Agroforestry. Science Publishers Inc., Enfield, NH, 356p.
  11. ^ Wojtkowski, Paul A. (2006) Undoing the Damage: Silviculture for Ecologists and Environmental Scientists. Science Publishers Inc., Enfield, NH, 313p.
  12. ^ Fishes and forestry : worldwide watershed interactions and management. Northcote, T. G., Hartman, G. F. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science. 2004. ISBN 978-0-470-99524-2. OCLC 184983506.cite book: CS1 maint: others (link)
  13. ^ Hemery, G.; Skovsgaard, J. P. (April 2018). "Silvology: Redefining the Biological Science for the Study of Forests". Quarterly Journal of Forestry. 112 (2): 128–31.
  14. ^ Oldeman, R. A. A. (1990). Forests: elements of silvology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. p. 624. ISBN 0-387-51883-5.
  15. ^ a b "Dendrology | Definition & Description | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2024-04-08.
  16. ^ a b c de Vries, S.M.G., Alan, M., Bozzano, M., Burianek, V., Collin, E., Cottrell, J., Ivankovic, M., Kelleher, C.T., Koskela, J., Rotach, P., Vietto, L. and Yrjänä, L. (2015). "Pan-European strategy for genetic conservation of forest trees and establishment of a core network of dynamic conservation units" (PDF). European Forest Genetic Resources Programme, Bioversity International, Rome, Italy.: xii + 40 p. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-01-31. Retrieved 2017-01-20.cite journal: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ a b Konnert, M., Fady, B., Gömöry, D., A’Hara, S., Wolter, F., Ducci, F., Koskela, J., Bozzano, M., Maaten, T. and Kowalczyk, J. (2015). "Use and transfer of forest reproductive material in Europe in the context of climate change" (PDF). European Forest Genetic Resources Programme, Bioversity International, Rome, Italy.: xvi and 75 p. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-04. Retrieved 2017-01-20.cite journal: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 – Key findings. Rome: FAO. 2020. doi:10.4060/ca8753en. ISBN 978-92-5-132581-0. S2CID 130116768.
  19. ^ "Glossary of Forestry Terms in British Columbia" (PDF). Ministry of Forests and Range (Canada). March 2008. Retrieved 2009-04-06.
  20. ^ "I. Balenovich, A. Seletkovich, et al. Comparison of Classical Terrestrial and Photogrammetric Method in Creating Management Division. FORMEC. Croatia 2012. pp. 1-13".
  21. ^ "I. Balenović, D. Vuletić, et al. Digital Photogrammetry – State of the Art and Potential for Application in Forest Management in Croatia. SEEFOR. South-East European Forestry. #2, 2011. pp. 81–93" (PDF).
  22. ^ Mozgeris, Gintautas (May 30, 2009). "The continuous field view of representing forest geographically: from cartographic representation towards improved management planning". S.A.P.I.EN.S. 2 (2) – via journals.openedition.org.
  23. ^ Anderegg, William R. L.; Wu, Chao; Acil, Nezha; Carvalhais, Nuno; Pugh, Thomas A. M.; Sadler, Jon P.; Seidl, Rupert (2 September 2022). "A climate risk analysis of Earth's forests in the 21st century" (PDF). Science. 377 (6610): 1099–1103. Bibcode:2022Sci...377.1099A. doi:10.1126/science.abp9723. PMID 36048937. S2CID 252010508.
  24. ^ a b Windisch, Michael G.; Davin, Edouard L.; Seneviratne, Sonia I. (October 2021). "Prioritizing forestation based on biogeochemical and local biogeophysical impacts". Nature Climate Change. 11 (10): 867–871. Bibcode:2021NatCC..11..867W. doi:10.1038/s41558-021-01161-z. S2CID 237947801. ProQuest 2578272675.
  25. ^ a b Benedek, Zsófia; FertÅ‘, Imre (2013). "Development and application of a new Forestation Index: global forestation patterns and drivers" (Document). IEHAS Discussion Papers. hdl:10419/108304. ProQuest 1698449297.
  26. ^ Zhang, Mingfang; Wei, Xiaohua (5 March 2021). "Deforestation, forestation, and water supply". Science. 371 (6533): 990–991. Bibcode:2021Sci...371..990Z. doi:10.1126/science.abe7821. PMID 33674479. S2CID 232124649.
  27. ^ Prevedello, Jayme A.; Winck, Gisele R.; Weber, Marcelo M.; Nichols, Elizabeth; Sinervo, Barry (20 March 2019). "Impacts of forestation and deforestation on local temperature across the globe". PLOS ONE. 14 (3): e0213368. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1413368P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213368. PMC 6426338. PMID 30893352. Gale A579457448.
  28. ^ Anderegg, William R. L.; Wu, Chao; Acil, Nezha; Carvalhais, Nuno; Pugh, Thomas A. M.; Sadler, Jon P.; Seidl, Rupert (2 September 2022). "A climate risk analysis of Earth's forests in the 21st century" (PDF). Science. 377 (6610): 1099–1103. Bibcode:2022Sci...377.1099A. doi:10.1126/science.abp9723. PMID 36048937. S2CID 252010508.
  29. ^ Portmann, Raphael; Beyerle, Urs; Davin, Edouard; Fischer, Erich M.; De Hertog, Steven; Schemm, Sebastian (4 October 2022). "Global forestation and deforestation affect remote climate via adjusted atmosphere and ocean circulation". Nature Communications. 13 (1): 5569. Bibcode:2022NatCo..13.5569P. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-33279-9. PMC 9532392. PMID 36195588.
  30. ^ Zhang, Mingfang; Wei, Xiaohua (5 March 2021). "Deforestation, forestation, and water supply". Science. 371 (6533): 990–991. Bibcode:2021Sci...371..990Z. doi:10.1126/science.abe7821. PMID 33674479. S2CID 232124649.
  31. ^ AbdulBaqi, Faten Khalid (June 2022). "The effect of afforestation and green roofs techniques on thermal reduction in Duhok city". Trees, Forests and People. 8: 100267. Bibcode:2022TFP.....800267A. doi:10.1016/j.tfp.2022.100267. S2CID 248646593.
  32. ^ Prevedello, Jayme A.; Winck, Gisele R.; Weber, Marcelo M.; Nichols, Elizabeth; Sinervo, Barry (20 March 2019). "Impacts of forestation and deforestation on local temperature across the globe". PLOS ONE. 14 (3): e0213368. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1413368P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213368. PMC 6426338. PMID 30893352. Gale A579457448.
  33. ^ Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge. p. 695. ISBN 978-0415862875.
  34. ^ "News of the world". Unasylva. 23 (3). FAO. 1969. Archived from the original on 2010-04-27. Retrieved 2010-10-12.
  35. ^ Sample, V. A.; Bixler, R. P.; McDonough, M. H.; Bullard, S. H.; Snieckus, M. M. (July 16, 2015). "The Promise and Performance of Forestry Education in the United States: Results of a Survey of Forestry Employers, Graduates, and Educators". Journal of Forestry. 113 (6): 528–537. doi:10.5849/jof.14-122.
  36. ^ "SAF Accredited and Candidate Forestry Degree Programs" (PDF) (Press release). Society of American Foresters. 2008-05-19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-26. The Society of American Foresters grants accreditation only to specific educational curricula that lead to a first professional degree in forestry at the bachelor's or master's level.
  37. ^ "Canadian Institute of Forestry - Silver Ring Program". Cif-ifc.org. Archived from the original on 2014-02-01. Retrieved 2014-03-15.
  38. ^ "Discover IUFRO:The Organization". IUFRO. Archived from the original on 2010-07-08. Retrieved 2010-10-12.
  39. ^ N.D.G. James (1996), "A History of Forestry and Monographic Forestry Literature in Germany, France, and the United Kingdom", The Literature of Forestry and Agroforestry, Cornell University Press, pp. 34–35, ISBN 9780801431814

Sources

[edit]

 This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 (license statement/permission). Text taken from Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings​, FAO, FAO.

 This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (license statement/permission). Text taken from The State of the World's Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief​, FAO & UNEP, FAO & UNEP.

 This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0 (license statement/permission). Text taken from World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023​, FAO, FAO.

[edit]

 

Photo
Photo
Photo

Driving Directions in Cobb County


Driving Directions From The UPS Store to
Driving Directions From Pearl Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine to
Driving Directions From Powder Springs Elementary School to
Driving Directions From Green Meadows Preserve to
Driving Directions From East Cobb Park to
Driving Directions From Cumberland Mural to
Driving Directions From Johnson Ferry to
Driving Directions From Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park to

Reviews for All In Tree Services and Pro


Mary Thompson

(5)

We recently had five large pine trees taken down in our front yard. We had three bids from different tree companies. We also wanted the stumps ground as well as chasing roots above ground. Rudy was fantastic and his workers were very skilled and the clean up was exceptional. We would highly recommend them and not hesitate to use them again.

Brandon Zimmerman

(5)

Used Rudy and All In Tree for numerous things over the last year and a half. Pricing is Competitive. Very responsive to calls and tests. I like that they're insured. Did what he said what he was going to do and when he said he was going to do it. A couple of things didn't meet my expectations and he immediately came out and made it right. I have recommended to multiple other people.

Kay T

(5)

Update! 10/10/23 After they helped me last month, All in Tree Service has again saved the day! A couple of large trees washed down the creek on my property recently and one of them was lodged against the pipes that go from my house to the street. There were other large tree trunks in the creek as well and also one wedged against the supports for my bridge. The All In team went to work and within a couple of hours had everything cleaned up and removed. The pipes and the bridge are safe! I recommend this team wholeheartedly. They care about what they do and it shows. Thank you! I’m very grateful. This team exemplifies professionalism. The before and after pictures tell a great story. September 2023 I recently was fortunate enough to find Rudy and Yaremi of All In Tree Services. A very large and very high limb on a big oak tree was hanging after a storm. It was a danger to me, to my dogs and to the fence below it. I had never met Rudy and Yaremi before. They were the first to call me back when I started my search for a reliable tree service. They clearly wanted the business so I gave them a chance. I’m so glad I did. They were very impressive! Their strategy and teamwork were incredible. Clearly they are very experienced at this kind of work. I took some pictures but I wish I had filmed the whole thing. It was amazing. They roped off the limb so it would not fall on anything or anyone. Then they quickly got the limb cut and safely on the ground and helped to clear up the debris. I am extremely happy with their service and with the friendly and professional manner with which they conducted themselves. I have already recommended them to my neighbors and I strongly encourage anyone who needs tree services to call them.

Kimberly Graves

(5)

All professional service. Timely, efficient, friendly. I had big old dead trees that I feared daily were going to come down. I called them in an emergency and they came the very next morning, no problem, no excuses. The guys were about service and me as a customer. They saw what I needed and went above and beyond to make sure I was a satisfied customer. I am a satisfied customer. I will use this company again and again. Thank you Rudy.

View GBP
Emergency tree removal is typically required when a tree poses immediate danger to human lives, buildings, or critical infrastructure due to storm damage, disease, or structural failure.
Emergency tree removal services prioritize rapid response, usually within hours of the report, depending on the severity of the situation and accessibility issues caused by the weather.
Contact licensed and insured professional arborists or tree removal services that specialize in emergencies. In some cases, contacting local municipal services or utility companies may be necessary if public safety or utilities are compromised.
Many homeowners insurance policies cover emergency tree removal if it damages insured structures like your home. It’s important to review your policy and contact your insurance provider for specific details.
Ensure personal safety first by keeping a safe distance from the damaged area. If possible, document the damage with photos from a safe location for insurance purposes. Clear access points so professionals can reach the site more easily.